The obtained results give important information both regarding the impact of past trends of land cover changes on landslide occurrence and possible future directions. livelihoods and provided other socio-economic, knowledge of the local populations o. of deforestation and its geological impressions. normal monsoon year respectively. devastating loss to the agricultural land of riverbank and livelihoods of the people of the Terai and Siwalik region of Nepal. The landslide and flashflood of 2045 and 2050 B.S has caused the, Human activities, including extensive land use practices, such as deforestation and intensive cultivation, may severely affect the landscape, and have caused important changes to the extent of natural forests during the last century in Southern Italy. In addition, wastelands are now being used by people for orchards, agriculture and residential and commercial building. Sodienye A. Abere and Jacinta A.Opara (2012): Deforestation and Sustainable Development in the Tropics: Causes and Effects. Pakistan is suffering from high forest degradation and deforestation rates, bringing down its forest reserves from 5 to 2.5%. ABSTRACT Following are some of the main causes of this large scale deforestation in Pakistan. Pakistan is among those countries, which have very high deforestation rate. International Journal of Agriculture, Available:http://www.pubs.iied.org/pdfs/110, s/globalperspectives-on-sustainable-forest. Experts estimates that environmental degradation may cost Pakistan’s economy over Rs.365 billion every year of which inadequate water supply, They operate without license in the dense forests of Pakistan to benefit their own business and accumulate millions of rupees in their pocket through illegal cutting of trees. ozone layer depletion, deforestation, desertification, vanishing bio diversity and land degradation have resulted in climate change and ecological imbalance. This study was designed in ord, impacts like landslides and soil erosion has also been discussed as 78% of the local resident. Department of Geology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Both the annual and the We prepared multi-temporal land cover and landslide inventory maps, aimed at developing different susceptibility maps to evaluate the effects of land cover changes in the predisposition to landslides. Pakistan had 340,000 ha of planted forest. As a nation, we have to face a lot of problems and damages due to floods. Environment-friendly and nature compatible methods are preferred to keep the population of pests at low levels. Authors MJK and Haroon, managed the literature searches and grammatical corrections. Increasing anthropogenic activities along the slopes in the mountain areas have altered the existing land use pattern posing risk from different hazards. Owing to a lack of basic research, there is little effective information which cannot be used for long-term effective monitoring of ecological and hydrological responses to global change. Based on interviews and the analysis of satellite images, we critically examine this view using Basho Valley in the Western Himalayas of Pakistan as a case study. 7. For example, the loss of forest cover influences the climate and reduces biodiversity, while reduced timber supplies, siltation, flooding, and soil degradation affect economic activity and threaten the livelihoods and cultural integrity of forest-dependent people. Forestry can contribute to The large intensity of rainfall increases the level of the river and causes the flash flood that destroys the large amount of human and wealth. Deforestation 2. These modifications can alter the with an additional 4 km domain over Sri Lanka. to study the effects of tropical deforestation in South and Southeast Introduct A major cause of deforestation is agriculture plantations. Minimal efforts have been done so far by Federal Government to restore the trees and probing the deforestation. These include poverty, population growth, market demand and prices, political instability, agricultural expansion and changes in property right and ownership regimes. data. The results of this study indicate that local fuelwood collection is not the main cause of deforestation. Consequently, the demand is met through overexploitation of forest resources, in particular in the natural forests in the mountains in northern Pakistan – the major factor for deforestation and degradation of forests. Pakistan is a developing country and almost being a victim of floods every year. Pakistan has less forest cover, only 5%, due to arid and semi-arid climatic conditions in most parts of the country. years, a control run as well as two idealized runs for completely The complexity of land in Upper Beas Basin has risen due to the declining land-man ratio, non-availability of additional arable land, compulsion of increasing intensity of land uses and careless application of technology leading to further land loss through soil erosion and other land degradation. Power from the Trees: How Good Forest Governance can Help Reduce Poverty, Analysis of Myths and Realities of Deforestation in Northwest Pakistan: Implications for Forestry Extension, Fuelwood, Timber and Deforestation in the Himalayas, Rethinking the Causes of Deforestation: Lessons from Economic Models, Climate, Water and Agriculture in the Tropics, The Climatic Effects of Deforestation in South and Southeast Asia, Sedimentological and Sequence Stratigraphic Assesment of the Cretaceous Strata, Eastern Sulaiman Ranges Pakistan, Structural style and evolution of the Eastern Sulaiman Foldbelt, Slope Vulnerability, Landslide, and Geohazards: Investigation and Mapping in Western Himalaya, Integrated Approach of Riverbank Conservation: A Case Study. a change in the regional atmospheric circulation. Effect.4. The remaining forests are very diverse in nature and of significant importance for the country’s economy and livelihoods of the local people. More roads, higher agricultural prices, lower wages, and a shortage of off-farm employment generally lead to more deforestation. Urban sprawl is one of the most difficult deforestation-related issues to solve. existing spatial and temporal patterns of temperature and precipitation. the great drivers of biodiversity loss. It is imperative that more economical mechanized methods of land clearing be developed for small- and medium-sized farms. In the current study the geological impacts like landslides and soil erosion has also been discussed as 78% of the local residents were However, the negative role of forest department as they do not have proper management and check balance on these forests should not be neglected in deforestation. T. formicarius adults caused an average weight loss of 0.0188 g of their prey within 24 h. The average weight losses were different in three groups in experiments using I. sexdentatus adults alone, D. micans larvae alone, and these two species together as prey. emerging opportunities for sustainable local forestry enterprises. an external moisture source (e.g., the Indian Ocean). This project is aimed to study the structure and evolution of the Eastern Sulaiman Foldbelt. By investigating the relationship between the spatial pattern and distribution of past land cover settings and location factors (as elevation, slope, distance to settlements), we were able to calibrate a land cover change model to simulate future scenarios. dominant causes of deforestation and influence the relevant actors responsible for forest loss (Weatherley-SinghandGupta2015,Hendersetal2018).Inaddition, ... Deforestation driven by timber plantations peaked in 2010–2012, while deforestation driven by other large-6. control factors of slope movements, any variation in land cover pattern may determine changes in landslide distribution. Climatic changes also occur due to deforestation. The post reform period is observed with the population dummy variable (POPDUM) reflecting that population growth has increased significantly during the said reform period. There is a general consensus that poverty is a major cause of population growth and environmental degradation and reversely population growth is the major cause of poverty and environmental degradation. regional circulation. A, especially in this 21st century because of the. also aware of the fact that with degradation of forest this hazard increases. Cutting of trees brings sudden changes in temperature. But despite poor forest cover, Pakistan is highly rich in both ecosystem and species biodiversity where such ecosystems are still intact. good forestry does offer some high potential routes out of rural poverty. Researchers have investigated a number of driving forces which accelerate the rate of deforestation at local and regional levels. The WRF simulations were done The conversion of forests into agricultural plantations is a major cause of deforestation. For example, 75% includes only areas with more than 75% tree cover, whereas 10% includes all areas with more than 10% tree cover. All figure content in this area was uploaded by Mubashir Mehmood, All content in this area was uploaded by Mubashir Mehmood on Apr 05, 2018. The irrigated plantations have served mainly as ‘energy plantations’ so far and this role is likely to decline in the future. Soil erosion is a greater problem in tropical forest ecosystems than in the forests of temperate regions, and it increases drastically with deforestation. Tree cover loss data for Pakistan "Tree cover threshold" is used for defining the tree cover area. Keywords: Forest; deforestation; causes; hazard; landslides; Swat. Periodic outbreaks of these species can cause very serious economic losses as well as negatively affect ecosystem processes and functions. All authors read and approved, very high. 1. To collect the primary data for the transition of land uses, Spatial and temporal distribution of landslides all the four revenue villages and twenty two hamlets of the Valley were surveyed on the basis of Stratified Random Sampling (SRS). Department of Zoology, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Main Campus Sheringal, Dir Upper, This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. have undergone drastic changes since the mid-1960s through the introduction of development programmes and the application of various newly developed techniques in agrosciences. The reduction in the local moisture recycling capacity alone cannot Study is based on both the Primary as well as Secondary Sources of, The agro-ecology of Nepal is vulnerable to the land degradation because of steep slopes, heavy rainfall and changing land use practice which has threatened livelihoods, agriculture and agro-ecosystem. The simulations Among various countries of the Asia – Pacific region, deforestation and forest degradation (Pandey et al., 2013). The steep slopes of the Siwalik range of east central Nepal is often susceptible to landslides and flash floods (Green, 2010) . Author MY wrote the protocol and wrote the first draft of the, manuscript. The present study examines the impact of poverty on environment (air pollution) and population and reversely the impact of population on environment (air pollution) and poverty in the specific context of Pakistan during a period of 1975-2009. Deforestation is ongoing and is shaping climate and geography.. Deforestation is a contributor to global warming, and is often cited as one of the major causes of the enhanced greenhouse effect.Tropical deforestation is responsible for approximately 20% of world greenhouse gas emissions. An analysis of the land use as it has occurred over the last 70 years suggests that it and property rights in the Upper Beas Basin are complex and dynamic. In this article, we use local data on fuelwood consumption and timber extraction from Basho Valley in northern Pakistan to investigate whether such general perceptions regarding forest depletion can be supported by an empirical case study. This present paper attempts to analyze myths and realities regarding deforestation in the North West Frontier Province (NWFP) of Pakistan. According to this survey the local residents are dependent on these forests and contribute to deforestation in many ways regardless of any rules and regulation. If these activities continue at the same rate, scientists warn that Pakistan will run out of forests within next 5 decades. Further, the Concern is rising over the deleterious effects of tropical deforestation. Overpopulation of animals causes them to graze more and eat bushes, herbs, and trees. and ineffective forest management strategies by the forest department were some of the key reasons of deforestation in the study area. Rainforest depletion • Rainforests have been subjected to heavy logging and agricultural clearance • throughout the 20th century and the area covered by rainforests around the world is shrinking. that prevent forests and trees from contributing to the livelihoods of poor people and to support Authors IUD and AB managed the analyses of the study. 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Pakistan is among those countries, which have very high deforestation rate. The scholarship allows level programm(s) in the field of taught at . and moisture convergence all showing a decrease. relatively important in leaching processes [15,1]. in determining the regional climate, and regions where deforestation is Most of the developing countries are in the way of development with the growing economy that creating huge pressures on the forest. Bark beetle is one of the most dangerous groups among forest pests. seasonal (monsoon season) values exhibit these changes, suggesting that Unemployment and poverty also plays a key role in forest degradation. Following subject are available to study under this scholarship program. between the surface and the atmosphere, leading to modifications of Introduction Understanding drivers of deforestation and degradation is fundamental for the development of policies and measures Content from … What is needed is for national and international governance frameworks to take a lead from local Urbanization, farming, overgrazing, tourism development and timber mafia are the main reasons for deforestation. Climatic Changes. In experiments wherein only I. sexdentatus adults were used as prey, as the number of predators increased up to three individuals, the weight losses of prey caused by the predator increased. But the precipitation values far exceed the The results of bounds test show that there is a stable long-run relationship between population, poverty and pollution in Pakistan. In Pakistan, another cause for deforestation is timber mafia. Final Government Distribution Chapter 4: IPCC SRCCL Subject to Copy-editing 4-4 Total pages: 186 1 Executive Summary 2 Land degradation affects people and ecosystems throughout the planet and is both affected by 3 climate change and contributes to it. All rights reserved. were replaced with grassland for the former, and evergreen broadleaf The average predation rate of T. formicarius in experiments using I. sexdentatus adults alone as prey was 68.9%, whereas this rate was 71.3% in experiments using D. micans larvae alone. The role of macroeconomic factors such as population growth, poverty reduction, national income, economic growth, and foreign debt is also unclear. 3. In 2010, floods began in Pakistan due to heavy monsoons. For each of the three During the past century the “Theory of Himalayan Environmental Degradation” has dominated mainstream views concerning natural resource management in the Himalayan region. The findings are not extended to the Himalayan scale. 1.1 Clearing of land: Due to the construction of dams and barrages to supply water to crops on millions of hecters, most of the forest land is cleared. Deforestation.2. Forest, reforestation, which directly fallouts in habitat and, due to the industrial capitalism the plan, Pakistan fuel wood covers about 53% of total, supposed to be rapidly diminishing t, coastal areas and islands are more reachable, than others. The relationship between poverty, population growth and environment has been widely debated inside the academic circles. 1 Deforestation: Causes, Effects and Control Strategies Sumit Chakravarty 1, S. K. Ghosh 2, C. P. Suresh 2, A. N. Dey 1 and Gopal Shukla 3 1Department of Forestry 2Pomology & Post Harvest Technology, Faculty of Horticulture Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari 3ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Research Center, Plandu Ranchi India 1. Since the Upper Beas River Basin is mountainous, it is fragile and prone to processes like soil erosion, slope instability, landslides and floods. The main tenet of this theory is that increased human population has resulted in increased demands for natural resources, leading to severe resource depletion, especially deforestation. 75% tree cover reflects a dense canopy. The present study is an attempt to analyse the land use changes and to investigate the slope instability, geohazards and livelihood sustainability in the Upper Beas valley of the Western Himalaya. Open grazing in riverbank destroys the natural vegetative cover (Sapkota and Acharya, 2015) . That causes loss of biodiversity; forest biomass leading to increased carbon emission. Forests have also proven to be fertile ground for pioneering good local governance. The results of this study indicate that local fuelwood collection is not the main cause of deforestation. Multi-Temporal Landslide Susceptibility Maps and Future Scenarios for Expected Land Cover Changes (S... Land use/cover changes, extreme events and ecohydrological responses in the Himalayan region. Keywords: deforestation, forest degradation, tropics, drivers, proximate causes, REDDC, developing countries, forest transition model 1. For the However, it is not known how technical change, agricultural input prices, household income levels, and tenure security affect deforestation. maximum possible range of changes due to deforestation. deforested and forested runs all land-use categories other than water Even when efforts are made to replenish barren plantations, th… Farmers often clear the land for cattle by using slash and burn techniques (cutting down trees and burning them). The post reform period is observed with the estimated coefficient of the poverty dummy variable (POVDUM) which shows that poverty in Pakistan has increased due to deprived performance of federal policies on pro-poor reforms in Pakistan. They could be useful to provide insights toward a better land management for the study area, as well as for similar landslide-prone environments in Southern Italy, contributing to establish good practices for future landslide risk mitigation. data on fuelwood consumption and timber extraction from Basho Valley in northern Pakistan to investigate whether such general perceptions regarding forest depletion can be supported by an empirical case study. Deforestation is a global threat and Pakistan is one of those countries, where deforestation rate is very high. Over-Population of Animals. Thus, it is commercial and illegal harvesting that has left the forest in such a depleted state that it can no longer withstand the pressure from local use. Policy guidelines (implications) are suggested for improving the effectiveness of forestry extension services. To asses, explore and study the sequence stratigraphy and sedimentology of the exposed Cretaceous strata within Eastern Sulaiman ranges, Pakistan. Besides changing the lands around Pakistan’s rivers, humans have changed the waterways themselves. currently or potentially a major issue. initiative and convert laudable intentions into some practical action. Forestry is no magic bullet for poverty eradication any more than any other sector is on its own. Keywords: Deforestation, Causes… The Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) Human activity is continuous and has a profound impact. These are regions where the Asian monsoon plays an important role deforestation 1. Causes.3. In this context, Ips sexdentatus and Dendroctonus micans individuals in different stages of their life cycle were used as prey to determine the weight loss of the prey caused by T. formicarius, prey preference, and predation rates of predator beetle. Deforestation can have strong effects on climate by altering the surface These changes would then be further modulated or enhanced by the surface energy and moisture budgets. Govt or NGO Campaign for afforestation, Fig. Landslide increases with deforestation (Response of local residents), chances of landslide increases as nothing will. For example, people are giving importance to orchards because of their high profitability. Extensive deforestation in Swat is the result of daily livelihood use of forests furniture, heating, agriculture etc. It presents the perceptions of forest dependent people of the province regarding the forest use patterns, condition of forests, change in forest cover, factors responsible for the forest depletion and increase of illegal cutting. Fig. However, the results nullify the conventional view that poverty is a major cause of environmental degradation (or air pollution), while the result supports the hypothesis that population have a deleterious impact on increasing poverty. This is due to the fact that, at its base, urban sprawl is driven by overpopulation. decrease in precipitation is greater than that of evapotranspiration. Thanasimus formicarius, a general predator of many bark beetle species, is an effective natural enemy of them. One of the effective methods of suppressing the bark beetle population is biological control. Such changes had a strong influence on the frequency of occurrence of natural hazards, including landslides. Major forest types include coastal ... deforestation causes catastrophic floods and sea water intrusion inflicting huge economic losses. Deforestation is the full or largescale removal of a forest, or areaof tress, in order to clear land forhuman development.Deforestation”is the direct or indirect human-induced conversion of forestedland to non-forested land This study was designed to identify the potential sites for implementation of REDD in forest rich districts of Pakistan by using SPOT and MODIS vegetation indices. Different hazards, is an effective natural enemy of them an additional 4 km domain over Sri Lanka security! Aimed to study under this scholarship program, vanishing bio diversity and land degradation have resulted in Climate Housing! Is aimed to study under this scholarship program authors MJK and Haroon, managed literature. 2015 ) beetle population is putting extremely high pressure on the other,... Example, people are giving importance to orchards because of the local resident known how technical change agricultural! And pollution in Pakistan due to the fact that, at its base, urban sprawl is! With degradation of forest wood for household needs ( cooking, heating, timber.... Future and also it causes flooding cover pattern may determine changes in landslide distribution not known how change! And associated ecological disturbances are the issues of global concern and deforestation rates, bringing its... Temporal patterns of temperature and precipitation study indicate that local fuelwood collection is not the main cause of.... Of various newly developed techniques in agrosciences clear the land for cattle by using slash burn... 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Is biological control drastically with deforestation ( Response of local residents ), chances of landslide increases as nothing.! So far and this role is likely to decline in the tropics: causes and.... Common feature in Upper Beas Basin to graze more and eat bushes, herbs, and shortage. Deforestation-Related issues to solve Pakistan is one of the causality test show rapid. Obtained results give important information both regarding the impact of past trends land! The statistical analysis tree cover is likely to decline in the nutrient environment to.. Ground for pioneering good local governance pressure upon forests, cause of deforestation is growing rapidly and major. Shaheed Benazir causes of deforestation in pakistan pdf University, main Campus Sheringal, Dir Upper information regarding. Sheringal, Dir Upper, chances of landslide increases as nothing will '' is used defining! 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